By early 2004, the rural drinking water supply programme in India was estimated to have 3.7 million handpumps that are dependent on groundwater. While this may have resulted inlowering the incidence of water borne diseases, it has led to the emergence of a number of other problems, such as failure (depletion) of drinking water sources due to excessive withdrawal by irrigation wells and environmental degradation, bacteriological contamination of drinking water sources due to poor quality of construction and unsanitary conditions and the excessive presence of chemical constituents like fluoride and arsenic, which have become major geo-environmental issues. As per recent estimates, millions are affected in India by arsenicosis and fluorosis.
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