Amelioration Of Fluoride Toxicity Using Amla (Emblica Officinalis) by Sumeet Ranjan and Shahla Yasmin

A study was conducted on the residents of Bhupnagar, a fluoride endemic village in Gaya district, Bihar, to assess the ameliorating effect of amla (Emblica officinalis)  on fluoride-induced toxicity. Fifty-three subjects of different age groups were included in the study. Among these, 27 subjects (test group) were given amla powder as dietary supplement for 9 months and the rest 26 subjects were kept as control (i.e. without dietary supplement). The mean urinary fluoride level in  the test group was found to decline progressively during the period of supplementation. The study revealed that consumption of amla powder may play an important role in mitigating fluoride-induced toxicity.


Link: http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/11/2094.pdf

Protective Effect Of Resveratrol On Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress, Hepatotoxicity And Neurotoxicity In Rats By Nurgul Atmaca , Hasan Tarik Atmaca , Ayse Kanici , Tugce Anteplioglu

Protective effect of resveratrol on sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity were studied in rats. A total of 28 Wistar albino male rats were used. Four study groups were randomly formed with seven animals in each. The groups were treated for 21 days with distilled water (control group), with water containing 100 ppm fluoride (fluoride group), with resveratrol (12.5 mg/kg i.p., resveratrol group), or with 100 ppm fluoride + 12.5 mg/kg resveratrol i.p. (fluoride + resveratrol group). At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and tissue samples were taken simultaneously. The total antioxidant and oxidant status in plasma and tissues as well as plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels were measured. Histopathological analyses of rat liver and brain tissues were performed in all groups to identify any changes. In the fluoride group, the total oxidant levels increased in plasma, liver and brain and total antioxidant levels decreased, as did the plasma 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels. These changes were prevented by co-administration of resveratrol. In addition, fluoride-associated severe histopathological changes in brain and liver tissues were not observed in the fluoride + resveratrol group. Consequently, these data suggested that resveratrol had beneficial effects in alleviating fluoride-induced oxidative stress.

Ameliorative Effect Of Selenium And Curcumin On Sodium Fluoride Induced Hepatotoxicity And Oxidative Stress In Male Mice By Mohammad S. AL-Harbi , Reham Z. Hamza and Afaf A. Dwary

Sodium fluoride is the most commonly used compound in oral caries prevention in the form of fluorinated drinking water, salts or milk, tooth pastes, mouth washes and fluoride tablets that adversely affects liver functions parameters. This study evaluated the effects of Sodium fluoride on liver function parameters and also assessed the ameliorating effects of selenium and Curcumin extract. Mature male mice (weighing 35-45 g and each group of ten animals) were given sodium fluoride (10.3 mg/Kg bw) and/or Selenium (0.5 mg/Kg) + Curcumin extract (60 mg/Kg) daily intraperitoneally (I.P) for 4 weeks. In the present study, Sodium Fluoride exposure resulted in an increase in the ALT, AST, Total Protein and LDH levels with respect to the control. Further, Light microscopic investigation revealed that Sodium fluoride exposure induced histopathological alterations in the liver tissues. Supplementations of Curcumin and/or selenium to Sodium fluoride -induced groups increased liver enzymes activities. While some histopathological changes were observed in animal Co-treated with Curcumin extract and /or selenium supplementation to Sodium fluoride treated mice. As a result, Sodium fluoride induced hepatotoxicity is reduced by Curcumin extract and/or selenium to great extent by the entire restoration of the histological structures.

Link : http://jocpr.com/vol6-iss4-2014/JCPR-2014-6-4-984-998.pdf

In Vivo Protective Effects Of Gallic Acid Isolated From Peltiphyllum Peltatum Against Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress In Rat Erythrocytes By Seyed Fazel Nabavi , Solomon Habtemariam , Moghaddam , Maria Daglia , Antoni Sureda , Seyed Mohammad Nabavi , Akbar Hajizadeh

Gallic acid has been identifi ed as an antioxidant component of the edible and medicinal plant Peltiphyllum peltatum. The present study examined its potential protective role against sodium fl uoride (NaF)-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. Oxidative stress was induced by NaF administration through drinking water (1030.675 mg m-3 for one week). Gallic acid at 10 mg kg-1 and 20 mg kg-1 and vitamin C for positive controls (10 mg kg-1) were administered daily intraperitoneally for one week prior to NaF administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and the level of reduced glutathione were evaluated in rat erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation in NaF-exposed rats signifi cantly increased (by 88.8 %) when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with gallic acid suppressed lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities and glutathione levels were reduced by NaF intoxication by 54.4 %, 63.69 %, and 42 % (p<0.001; vs. untreated control group), respectively. Pre-treatment with gallic acid or vitamin C signifi cantly attenuated the deleterious effects. Gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum and vitamin C mitigated the NaF-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes.

Link : http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/aiht.2013.64.issue-4/10004-1254-64-2013-2353/10004-1254-64-2013-2353.xml

Effects Of Single Exposure Of Sodium Fluoride On Lipid Peroxidation And Antioxidant Enzymes In Salivary Glands Of Rats By Paula Mochidome Yamaguti, Alyne Simoes, Emily Ganzerla, Douglas Nesadal Souza, Fernando Neves Nogueira, and Jose Nicolau

Many studies suggest that fluoride exposure can inhibit the activity of various enzymes and can generate free radicals, which interfere with antioxidant defence mechanisms in living systems. To further the understanding of this issue, this present study examined the effects of low-dose fluoride treatment on the activity of enzymatic antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the parotid (PA) and submandibular (SM) salivary glands of rats. Rats were injected with a single dose of sodium fluoride (NaF) (15 mg F−/kg b.w.) then euthanized at various time intervals up to 24 hours (h) following exposure. NaF exposure did not cause significant differences in SOD or CAT activity or LPO levels in PA glands compared to control. Conversely, SM glands presented increased SOD activity after 3 h and decreased SOD activity after 1, 12, and 24 h, while LPO was increased after 6, 12, and 24 h of the NaF injection. There were no significant differences in the CAT activity in the groups studied. Our results demonstrated that NaF intoxication caused oxidative stress in salivary glands few hours after administration. These changes were more pronounced in SM than in PA gland.

Link : http://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2013/674593/

Change Of Urinary Fluoride And Bone Metabolism Indicators In The Endemic Fluorosis Areas Of Southern China After Supplying Low Fluoride Public Water by Shaoxian Chen, Boling Li, Shao Lin, Yixiang Huang, Xinhua Zhao, Min Zhang, Yuan Xia, Xiaoheng Fang, Junyi Wang, Syni-An Hwang and Shouyi Yu

Few studies have evaluated health impacts, especially biomarker changes, following implementation

of a new environmental policy. This study examined changes in water fluoride, urinary fluoride (UF), and bone metabolism indicators in children after supplying low fluoride public water in endemic fluorosis areas of Southern China. We also assessed the relationship between UF and serum osteocalcin (BGP), calcitonin (CT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bone mineral density to identify the most sensitive bone metabolism indicators related to fluoride exposure.

Link :http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/772/art%253A10.1186%252F1471-2458-13-156.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com%2Farticle%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-13-156&token2=exp=1461751735~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F772%2Fart%25253A10.1186%25252F1471-2458-13-156.pdf*~hmac=36a10673a6fd835c55ac353781767411ee50a212c6ea9453fa35958051dc6d8b

Understanding the Disease of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis and Ways to Contain It By D. Raja Reddy

Endemic skeletal fluorosis is a disease caused by excessive ingestion of fluoride through water, food or both. The upper limit of optimum fluoride level in drinking water for a tropical country like India
is 0.5 ppm. The upper limit of safe total intake of fluoride from food and water per day for an adult is 5 milligrams (WHO-2002). The total daily intake through water and food determines the development of fluorosis. First ever cases of endemic skeletal fluorosis and its neurological manifestations in the world were recorded from Podili, Darsi and Kanigiri areas of Andhra Pradesh in 1937. Subsequently cases of fluorosis were recorded from Nalgonda and other areas of the Andhra Pradesh state and other parts of India. It is now estimated that 60 million people are living in these endemic areas and are at risk of contacting the disease and 2 million people are crippled because of it.
The incidence of fluorosis affected districts in India are listed alphabetically: Assam=2; Andhra Pradesh= 17; Bihar=8; Delhi=4; Gujarat= All except Dang; Haryana= 12; Jammu & Kashmir=l; Karnataka= 14; Kerala=3; Maharashtra= 10; Madhya Pradesh= 10; Orissa= 3; Punjab=13; Rajasthan= All 32 districts; Tamil Nadu= 8; Uttar Pradesh= 7 and West Benga=4. Hence, skeletal fluorosis continues to be a major public health problem in India.

Link : http://www.fluorosisinandhra.org/booklet_fluorosis.pdf

Effect Of Tamarind Ingestion On Fluoride Excretion In Humans By AL Khandare , GS Rao and N Lakshmaiah

Hydrofluorosis is a major public health problem in 17 out of the 32 constituent states of India. Around 62 million people including 6 million children suffer from fluorosis due to excessive consumption of fluoride through water (Susheela, 1999). Various techniques for the defluoridation of drinking water have been adopted by the government and nongovernmental agencies, but the problem remains unresolved as of today. Medical intervention is not possible for this disease due to unavailability of any specific drugs or medicines for treatment. Short-term studies on animals (Wagner & Muhler, 1960) and humans (Jowsey & Riggs, 1978) indicated that  calcium salts interfere with fluoride absorption. Aluminium salts were also used in cattle to counter fluoride toxicity (Allcroft & Burns, 1969). Although fluoride accumulation in bone was delayed, complete prevention was not possible and toxic side effects of aluminium were not ruled out. Calcium and phosphorous supplementation did not enhance the beneficial effect of aluminium salts. Although serpentine (magnesium metasilicate) administration ameliorated clinical symptoms to some extent (Reddy et al, 1985), long-term toxicological studies were not undertaken. Borate was found to offer some protection in long-term animal studies (Elsaret al, 1979). The effect of cereals on fluoride retention was studied in normal humans by Lakshmaiah and Srikantia (1977). Fluoride excretion in urine was found to be significantly greater on rice-based diets as compared to jowar-based diets. Similar experiments on rats using sorghun-, wheat- and rice-based diets showed increased retention of fluoride in femur bone on sorghum-based diets as compared to wheat- and rice-based diets (Lakshmi & Lakshmaiah, 1999). However, further studies on the effect of various components of diets on fluoride retention in the body are not available.

Link : http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v56/n1/full/1601287a.html

Urinary Fluoride Excretion By Children 4–6 Years Old In A South Texas Community by Ramon J. Baez, Martha X. Baez and Thomas M. Marthaler

This study evaluated urinary fluoride excretion by school children 4–6 years old who were livingin a south Texas rural community that had concentrations of fluoride in drinking watersupplies generally around the optimal level. We took supervised collections of urine samples inthe morning and afternoon at school, and parents of the participating students collected nocturnalsamples. We recorded the beginning and end times of the three collection periods andthen determined the urinary volume and urinary flow for each of the periods. We measuredurinary fluoride concentrations and calculated the urinary excretion rate per hour. The childrenhad breakfast and lunch provided at the school, where the drinking water contained1.0–1.3 milligrams/liter (mg/L) fluoride. Fluoride concentrations in the tested household watersupplies, from wells, ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 mg/L fluoride. The children’s average urinary fluorideconcentrations found for the day were similar to those for the night, with means rangingfrom 1.26 mg/L to 1.42 mg/L. Average excretion was 36.4 μg/h in the morning, 45.6 μg/h inthe afternoon, and 17.5 μg/h at night. The lower nocturnal excretion rates are easily explainedby low urinary flow at night. Based on the 15 hours of urine collected, the extrapolated 24-hour fluoride excretion was 749 μg. In conjunction with similar studies, the data from thisstudy will help in developing upper limits for urinary fluoride excretion that are appropriatefor avoiding unsightly fluorosis while providing optimal protection against dental decay.

Link : http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v7n4/1926.pdf

The Effects Of Sodium Fluoride,Calcium Phosphate And Vitamin D , For One To Two Years On Calcium And Phosphorus Metabolism In Postmenopausal Women With Spinal Crush Fracture Osteoporosis By P. Charles, L. Mosekilde, And F. Taageh J Jensen

Calcium and phosphorus balances and 47Ca turnover studies were performed before and after 12-27 months of daily treatment with sodium fluoride (60 mg), calcium (30-45 mmol), phosphate (29-44 mmol), and vitamin D2 (18,000 IU) in 20 postmenopausal women with spinal crush fracture osteoporosis. Before treatment the mean calcium balance (-1.6 mmol Ca/day) was negative (P less than 0.05), whereas the mean phosphorus balance (-1.6 mmol P/day) did not differ from zero (P greater than 0.10). The treatment induced an increase in calcium absorption (P less than 0.01) with an unchanged renal excretion and dermal loss of calcium and an increase (P less than 0.02) in calcium balance, which became positive (P less than 0.01) (+3.3 mmol Ca/day). This enhancement in calcium balance was obtained by the combined effects of an increase (P less than 0.05) in bone mineralization rate and a decrease (P less than 0.05) in bone resorption rate. The observed increase in net phosphorus absorption (P less than 0.001) was more pronounced than the increase in renal excretion of phosphorus (P less than 0.001), and the phosphorus balance therefore increased (P less than 0.001) and became positive (P less than 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between net calcium and net phosphorus absorption (r = 0.065; (P less than 0.001) in the 32 studies where both calcium and phosphorus balance data were available. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.61; P less than 0.05) was found between the changes in net calcium and net phosphorus absorption during treatment.

Effect Of Combined Therapy With Sodium Fluoride, Vitamin D And Calcium In Osteoporosis By JENIFER JOWSEY, D.Phrl. ,LAWRENCE RIGGS, M.D. , PATRICK J. KELLY, M.D. , DAVID L. HOFFMAN, M.D.

Fluoride administration in both man and animals has been shown to stimulate new bone formation. However, the bone is poorly mineralized, and osteomalacia and secondary hyperparathyroidism frequently occur. In this study we investigated the effect of variable levels of fluoride and calcium intake, accompanied by vitamin D, on osteoporosis in eleven patients treated for one year. Bone biopsies indicated an increase in new bone formation in all patients receiving 45 mg of sodium flyoride per day, whereas 900 mg of calcium per day prevented both osteomalacia and any increase in bone resorptkn. In order to restore bone mass in osteoporotic subjects without producing roentgenographic or microscopic evidence of fluoiosis, a therapeutic regimen of 50 mg of sodium fluoride and at least 900 mg of calcium per day and 50,000 units of vitamin D twice weekly is recommended.