Trends On Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Status In Fluoride Affected Areas In Kolar District, India By Adarsh Manjunath , C. D. Dayanand , C. Muninarayana , Pradeep Kumar Vegi

In the global scenario, twenty three nations have the problem of excess fluoride in  drinking water and resulting endemicity for fluorosis India lies in a  geographical fluoride belt; fluorosis is an endemic condition prevailed in 17 states of India. The highest  endemicity rate has been reported in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Tamilnadu and Karnataka In Karnataka, totally 16 districts are endemic viz Dharwad, Gadag, Bellary, Belgaum, Raichur, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Chitradurga, Tumkur, Chikmagalur, Mandya, Bangalore Rural, Mysore, Mangalore, Shimoga  and Kolar. Fluorosis is a disease state caused by excess intake of Fluoride through  drinking water, food, or inhalation. Acute high level exposure to fluoride is rare and usually  due to accidental contamination of drinking water or due to fires or  explosions. Moderate level & chronic exposure of above 1.5 mg/L of water as per the WHO guideline  value of fluoride in water is more common. Fluoride is  also known to cross the cell membranes and to enter soft tissues.

Link : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265599980_Trends_on_oxidative_stress_and_antioxidant_status_in_fluoride_affected_areas_in_Kolar_district_India